What Is the Definition of the Golden Ratio

The Golden Ratio is a term used to describe how elements within a piece of art can be placed in the most  aesthetically pleasing way. However, it is not merely a term, it is an actual ratio and it can be found in many pieces of art. Golden Ratio The Golden Ratio has many other names. You might hear it referred to as the Golden Section, Golden Proportion, Golden Mean,  phi  ratio, Sacred Cut, or Divine Proportion. They all mean the same thing. In its simplest form, the Golden Ratio is 1:phi.  This is not  pi as in Ï€ or 3.14... and is not pronounced pie. This is phi  and is pronounced fie.   Phi is represented by the lower-case Greek letter φ. Its numeric equivalent is 1.618...which means its decimal stretches to infinity and never repeats (much like pi). The DaVinci Code had it wrong when the protagonist assigned an exact value of 1.618 to phi. Phi also performs amazing feats of derring-do in trigonometry and quadratic equations. It can even be used to write a recursive algorithm when programming software. But lets get back to aesthetics. What the Golden Ratio Looks Like The easiest way to picture the Golden Ratio is by looking at a rectangle with a width of 1, and a length of 1.168... If you were to draw a line in this plane so that one square and one rectangle resulted, the squares sides would have a ratio of 1:1. And the leftover rectangle? It would be exactly proportionate to the original rectangle: 1:1.618. You could then draw another line in this smaller rectangle, again leaving a 1:1 square and a 1:1.618... rectangle. You can keep doing this until youre left with an indecipherable blob; the ratio continues on in a downward pattern regardless. Beyond the Square and Rectangle Rectangles and squares are the clearest examples, but the Golden Ratio can be applied to any number of geometric forms including circles, triangles, pyramids, prisms, and polygons. Its just a question of applying the correct math. Some artists are very good at this, while others are not. The Golden Ratio in Art Millennia ago, an unknown genius figured out that what would become known as the Golden Ratio was extraordinarily pleasing to the eye. That is, as long as the ratio of smaller elements to larger elements is maintained.   To back this up, there is now have scientific evidence that our brains are indeed hard-wired to recognize this pattern. It worked when the Egyptians built their pyramids, it has worked in sacred geometry throughout history, and it continues to work today. While working for the Sforzas in Milan, Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (1446/7 to 1517) said,  Like God, the Divine Proportion is always similar to itself.   It was Pacioli who taught Florentine artist Leonardo Da Vinci  how to mathematically calculate proportions. Da Vincis The Last Supper is often given as one of the best examples of the Golden Ratio in art. Other works where you will notice this pattern include Michelangelos The Creation of Adam in the Sistine Chapel, many of Georges Seurats paintings (particularly the placement of the horizon line), and Edward Burne-Jones The Golden Stairs. The Golden Ratio and Facial Beauty There is also a theory that if you paint a portrait using the Golden Ratio, it is much more pleasing. This is contradictory to the art teachers common advice of splitting the face in two vertically and in thirds horizontally.   While that may be true, a study published in 2010  found that what is perceived as a beautiful face is slightly different than the classic Golden Ratio. Rather than the very distinct phi, researchers theorize that the new golden ratio for a womans face is the average length and width ratio. Yet, with every face being distinct, that is a very broad definition. The study goes on to say that for any particular face, there is an optimal spatial relation between facial features that will reveal its intrinsic beauty. This optimal ratio, however, does not equal phi. A Final Thought The Golden Ratio remains a great topic of conversation. Whether in art or in defining beauty, there is indeed something pleasing about a certain proportion between elements. Even when a person doesnt or cant recognize it, he or she is attracted to it. With art, some artists will carefully compose their work following this rule. Others do not pay it any attention at all but somehow pull it off without noticing it. Maybe that is due to their own inclination toward the Golden Ratio. At any rate, it certainly is something to think about and gives everyone one more reason to analyze art. Source Pallett PM, Link S, Lee K. New Golden Ratios for Facial Beauty. Vision Research. 2010;50(2):149.

Method National Australia Bank Used In Raising Funds Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1985 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? As the Financial Services Minister Chris Bowen said, Australia is the only major Western nation to have avoided a recession in the worldwide slump. Even though Australia had close financial relationships with Asian countries, it seems that Australias economy has not been affected by other crisis countries. Thanks to the nations well developed capital market and the unique financial regulation system, investors still feel confident to Australias equity market which is the eighth largest in the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Method National Australia Bank Used In Raising Funds Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This report contains two tasks. The first task of this report was to investigate the method National Australia Bank (NAB) used in raising funds, advantages and disadvantages of other alternatives will also be commented. Moreover, the report presents the reason of a company preferring to raise equity other than debt. The other task of the report was focused on the role of four corporate regulators in Australia: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) and Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). Finally, a recent event ACCC opposed NABs proposed acquisition of AXA Asia Pacific Holdings (AXA) provided an example in which the regulator intervened a companys inappropriate action. Task 1 NABs Capital Raise 6 2.1 NABs Capital Raise Plan Since January 2009, National Australia Bank (NAB), which is one of the biggest bank in Australia and listed public company on ASX, raised $2.75 billion equity to strengthen its balance sheet as bad debt continue to rise (NeilMc, 2009). For strengthen the balance sheet, NAB had increased the provision for doubtful debt, as can be seen that in the 2009 financial report increased from $2246 million to $3471 million (NAB 2009). 2.2 NABs Capital Raise Method Equity refers to ordinary shares issued by a company which represent an ownership position for the shareholder and the shareholder has an entitlement to receive a share of any distribution of profits, which calls dividends. In the stock market, NAB raise the equity by using Initial Public Offering (IPO), which is the first round of equity that a company issues on a stock exchange. As the result of IPO, shareholders gain part ownership in an entity and the company can raise money. Here, the NAB raise equity with the method of placement, which means NAB funding through securities sold without an IPO and not sell to the public, instead, directly to individuals and small groups of investors. Such offerings do not need to be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and are exempt from the usual reporting requirements. Private placements are generally considered a cost-effective way capital without going public through an initial public offering. A private placement o f equity or debt has been a quicker, less expensive way to raise a limited amount of capital from a limited number of investors. A private placement has been appropriate when a company still lacks the financial strength or reputation to appeal to a broad base of investors and cannot afford the expense of a public offering. Especially in situation of affecting by the global financial crisis, reputation of the bank in public has been affected. Therefore, using placement to raise equity has its own advantage. However, there are some disadvantages to use the placement method to raise equity. For example, placements are often sold at a deep discount below their market value, NAB says it plans to raise at least $2 billion by way of a fully underwritten institutional equity placement at a 10 per cent discount to its last traded price of $23.58 (NeilMc, 2009). Furthermore, the investors may want compensation for taking high risk securities especially in that situation after the global finan cial crisis. 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Other Capital Raise Methods In addition, other main methods of raising equity includes: a right issue, takeover issues and dividend reinvestment schemes. Right issue refers to an offer made to existing shareholders to purchase additional ordinary share in the corporation (2007 Viney). And also , right issue is a pro-rata offer , which means a proportional offer to buy further securities based on the investors current share holding, for example-1:10 offer gives the shareholders the right to purchase one new share for every 10 shares held. Furthermore, if the company wants to raise as much as funds, maybe deep discount on the price of share is required. Right issue has its own advantages, for example, a trouble company can use right issue to pay down the debt, especially when they unable to borrow more money. However, the shortcoming of the right issue is that more lengthy process and does not provide NAB or shareholders with the same degree of flexibility in volatile market situations. Furthermore , not all the shareholder are willing to purchase the additional share in the recession economic period despite of that can purchase in a discount price. Also, the value of each share will be diluted as a result of the increased number of shares issued. Therefore, NAB may not successfully in collecting funds initially required. Including a Share Purchase Plan for retail investors was considered the best combination to successfully raise capital and recognise the interests of retail shareholders to participate while minimising the risk for NAB in successfully completing a capital raising. 2.4 Why a Company Seek to Raise Equity Rather Than Debt The other method to raise capital is debt finance instruments, which represent a contractual claim against an issuer to make specified payments, such as periodic interest payments and principal repayments over a defined period (Viney 2007). There are various advantages to use debt instrument .for example, the lender is entitled only to repayment of the principal of the loan plus interest, has no direct claim on future profits of the business, therefore the greater portion of reward than selling stock to investor. Furthermore, interest on the debt can be deducted on the companys tax return, which can lower the actual cost of the loan to the company. Despite of this, NAB still had chosen to raise capital by equity instrument instead of debt instrument. In the recession period, no one dare to say their company must be success in next stage, increase debt means increase the debt-equty ratio or leverage, the larger a companys debt-equity ratio or leverage, the more risky the company is considered by lenders and investors. Task 2 Discuss Role Of Company Regulators 6 3.1 The Role of Corporate Regulators in Australia There are some of regulators in Australia such as ASIC, ACCC, APRA, RBA, ASX etc. This is the six mainly mission includes monitoring the market; which is monitor a range of sources to detect unsafe goods such as injury and death information, overseas trends, products in the market, product analysis, and consumer complaints. Secondly it can reflect on Encouraging safe practices; which is negotiating product removal, removing  unsafe goods, Promoting good product safety management, making consumers aware of product hazards. Thirdly, working out ways to address hazards can be expressed in product analysis, working with technical experts, working with suppliers and industry associations, educating suppliers and consumers about product safety, issuing warning notices, creating regulations where necessary. Next, regulating hazardous products conducting regulators using bans and standards, regulators will either ban products or require them to meet specific safety standards. Enforcing regulations, which is respond to breaches of product safety bans and standards through a range of enforcement tools, including civil and criminal legal action and monetary penalties. The last, working with other regulators, Australian and overseas regulators of general consumer products and specific products often work together to share intelligence, monitor issues and resolve product safety issues. However, there is some recognition when the regulators are closer looked. Australian regulatory structure: 3.1.1 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) Australian Competition and Consumer Commissions the main purpose of regulate competition policy; promotes competition and fair trade in the market place to benefit consumers, business and the community. It also regulates national infrastructure industries. Its primary responsibility is to ensure that individuals and businesses comply with the Commonwealths competition, fair trading and consumer protection laws. 3.1.2 Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) Reserve Bank of Australia, it is aim to System stability and payments system; it conducts monetary policy, works to maintain a strong financial system and issues the nations currency. As well as being a policy-making body, the Reserve Bank provides selected banking and registry services to a range of Australian government agencies and to a number of overseas central banks and official institutions. It also manages Australias gold and foreign exchange reserves. 3.1.3 Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) Australian Prudential Regulation Authority influence on prudential regulation and supervision of deposit-taking institutions; APRA play a critical role in protecting the financial well-being of the Australian community: as a result, high standards are required in everything we do. In our work and in our interactions with others, we value and seek to demonstrate 3.1.4 Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) Australian Securities and Investments Commissions regulation impact market integrity and consumer protection; ASIC regulate Australian companies, financial markets, financial services organisations and professionals who deal and advise in investments, superannuation, insurance, deposit taking and credit. 3.2 ACCCs Intervention on NAB These corporate regulators might intervene in certain circumstances if a company acted inappropriate. This report provided a recent instance: ACCC intervened NABs takeover offer on AXA Asia Pacific Holdings (AXA). After four months extensively investigation on proposals on AXA, which included wide range of public opinions through market consultation, ACCC opposed NABs proposed $14 billion acquisition of AXA on 19th April 2010. However, ACCC permits the other buyer AMP Ltd. put its offer back to schedule. This result is surprising, because many people thought NABs takeover on AXA is on the condition of selling some of its assets, actually NAB already reached an agreement on selling assets. The ACCC chairman Graeme Samuel provided the reason: considering the retail investment platforms increasing important nowadays, a substantial lessening of competition in the retail investment platforms market with complex investment needs would be caused by a merger between NAB and AXA. More over, outside competitors would find it hard to compete in the market as the companys customer data increasing. On the other side, ACCC did not worry about AMPs takeover offer on AXA, as AMP would not gain unfair competition superiority on the merger, because AMP does not own its own wrap platform which restricts its ability to compete aggressively. Meanwhile, NAB has its own platforms MLC and Navigator, and AXA owns AXA North platform. Furthermore, some people thought ACCC worried about the market dominant position of large-scale bank like NAB, thus it tended to reject most integrated trades the big four banks involves. Nevertheless, Samuel denied this view in his interview with Dow Jones Newswires. He pointed out that ACCCs action on this affair was based on rules of section 50 in Trades Practices Act. Section 50 lists prohibitions of acquisitions that would result in a substantial lessening of competition. On 1st June, AXA APH and its French parent company AXA SA agreed on extended the takeover deadline to January of 2012, as a result NAB has more time to alter its takeover offer. Up to now, ACCC is still considering NABs revised offer in which it plans to sell AXA APHs North platform to IOOF  in order to alleviate its competition concerns. ACCC will announce the decision on 9th September 2012. Conclusion 0.25 National Australia Bank (NAB) raised $2.75 billion equity and its debt increased from $2246 million to $3471 million since 2009. The capital raise method NAB used is Initial Public Offering (IPO). In addition, other main methods of raising equity includes: a right issue, takeover issues and dividend reinvestment schemes. NAB preferred to raise capital by equity instrument rather than debt is based on risk concern. There are some of regulators in Australia such as ASIC, ACCC, APRA, RBA, ASX etc. Different corporate regulators have different roles, they function integrated to provide effectiveness and efficiency to the financial market. These corporate regulators intervene in certain circumstances if a company acted inappropriate, for example: ACCC intervened NABs takeover offer on AXA Asia Pacific Holdings (AXA) in April 2010. Appendices 0.25

A Sense of Pride in the Crucible by Arthur Millle - 617 Words

Today in society, many people show a sense of pride or an excessive sense of pride. This can be directly related to The Crucible, by Arthur Milller. During the play many characters are influenced by their strong sense of pride or of them having too much pride. The characters then make life or death decisions based on how they are influenced. Three characters that are greatly influenced by their pride are Reverend Hale, Elizabeth Proctor, and John Proctor. These three character’s decisions based on their sense of pride ultimately make up the outcome of the play. Reverend Hale is one of the main characters that is greatly influenced by his pride. Hale is known for hunting witches. He shows that he takes pride in taking on this task. This is a beloved errand for him; on being called here to ascertain witchcraft he felt the pride of one specialist whose unique knowledge has at least been publically called for. This quote from the play shows that Hale was very prideful for taking on this task in Salem. Once in Salem Hale soon finds himself in a situation he has never been in. Hale feels as if the people that are dying of witchcraft are his fault. He attempts to tell the accused to plead to witchcraft in order to save their lives but yet, no one will listen. Hale realizes that his pride got in the way of what he was suppose to do and tries to make sure others do not make the same mistake he made. Elizabeth Proctor is another character that allows here pride to influence her

Essay on Stereotypes in the Muslim World - 857 Words

â€Å"If a person commits an act of terrorism, it does not negate or change the principles of the religion he claims to follow. If a Catholic Irish republic army terrorist encourages terrorism. Similarly, if a Muslim commits an act of terror, it does not mean that Islam condones or encourages terrorism† (Khan, 2003, pp 102) It is difficult in this world to form an opinion about an issue without experiencing some sort of stereotyping. Stereotyping is defined as a generalization of a group of people, wherein a very simple pattern is used for judging an entire group. In recent times Islam has fallen victim to stereotyping, non-Muslims particularly in the west have a misconception that Islam is a very closed and non-secular religion, that it†¦show more content†¦A recent study conducted by the Council on American-Islamic Relations, almost 60 percent of people have very little or no knowledge about Islam (†Opinion about Islam†.2006), therefore they rely on media sources to get their information, and what views of Islam they receive from the media, they tend to place the person who matches it in the same group, hence stereotypes and misconceptions of Islam have continued to flourish due to the media, prejudice and ignorance. Films, TV and print media not only provide information but also help shape values. Generally, people are more interested in news when they feel that there is a perceived threat to their way of life, and the media, whose main goal is to take make money and profits, do their best to exploit and present headlines and reports in such a way that attracts the people, because millions of people in the west rely on the media for their information. The following headline is of an article written by The Sun (2011), â€Å"Muslims kills 2 US airmen in German airport shooting†, On the contrary, the same news, reported in the UAE, where the population is overwhelmingly Muslim, doesn’t mention the shooters religion in the headline, â€Å"2 US airmen killed in Frankfurt airport shooting† (Khaleej Times, 2011). 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Although people tend to argue that stereotypes are exaggerations and unfair generalizations, nevertheless, it is important to understand that stereotypes are linked to reality, this can be understood from stereotypes such as Muslims are terrorists, All Jews are greedy, Women are oppressed by men , and Western countries mostly have scarce family bonding, since these stereotypes are based on history and pastRead MoreThe Concept, Limited Understanding And Negative Stereotypes Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Concept, limited understanding and negative stereotypes Of Islam and Muslims in western countries. Throughout the history, from the creation of the universe and mankind, there have been prophets and messengers sent down to different nations and they descends down to mankind one after the other calling their people to spirituality, morality and self-consciousness. 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Importance of being Earnest Lady Bracknell - 1142 Words

Powerful, Pompous and Pontifical According to the Bible, â€Å"The love of money is the root of all evil.† There is fine line between loving the money or character of a person. The root of all evil starts when one doesn’t notice the difference. Lady Bracknell, an antagonist in The Importance of being Earnest, is a powerful, pompous and pontifical person who values money more than love and comprehends marriage like business deals in terms of allusions, connections and irony. Lady Bracknell’s character is revealed by allusions throughout the play. One can tell that she is very powerful and pompous from few examples of allusions in the text. Without a doubt, Algernon says â€Å"Ah! That must be Aunt Augusta. Only relatives, or creditors,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"That is satisfactory. What between the duties expected of one during one’s lifetime, and the duties exacted from one after one’s death, land has ceased to be either a profit or a pleasure.† (I) She sees marriage as an alliance for property and social security but love or passion is not part of it. Since she had prodigious marriage, her primary goal in life seems to be to see her daughter doing the same. She wants her daughter, Gwendolyn to marry an upper class noble in order live a pleasant life. She tells her daughter quite explicitly, Pardon me, you are not engaged to anyone. When you do become engaged to someone, I or your father, should his health permit him, will inform you of the fact. (I) She sees marriage as a business deal because she insisted about Jack’s parent as the most vital thing. Knowing the parents are crucial for Lady Bracknell because they are the ones who are going to share the money and do the business with her. 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Cesar Chavez free essay sample

Chavezs father agreed to clear eighty acres of land and in exchange he would receive the deed to forty acres of land that adjoined the home. The agreement was broken and the land sold to a man named Justus Jackson. Chavezs dad went to a lawyer who advised him to borrow money and buy the land. Later when Chavezs father could not pay the interest on the loan the lawyer bought back the land and sold it to the original owner. Chavez learned a lesson about injustice that he would never forget. In 1942, Chavez graduated from eighth grade. Because his father, Librado, had been in an accident and because he did not want his mother, Juana, to work in the fields, he could not to go to high school, and instead Chavez dropped out to become a full-time migrant farm worker. Chavez brought together the vast amount of farmers under a single banner, offering them shelter from the storm of hardship which they had all faced. We will write a custom essay sample on Cesar Chavez or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The leadership style Chavez used could be considered to be democratic. Chavez was the main single figurehead. He held most of the power when it came to the organizing process of his organizations. He was the absolute leader of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA). He shared some of his power when he merged with other unions. Chavez was completely devoted to nonviolence. In his words, Nonviolence is not cowardice. A nonviolent person must not be fearful. He must know how to deal with people. When the growers beat us we do not fight back. Chavez modelled some of his actions after Gandhi. There were strikes, boycotts, and protest marches. At one point during the movement, he went on a fast, saying that it was an action of love for his followers and not a political statement. Cesar Chavez truly believed in his cause. He sacrificed for and dedicated his life to the migrant workers. The movement he organized made better the lives of many people. These traits are admirable, and applicable to actively achieving one’s pursuits. If one is completely confident and committed to their cause, with the willingness to sacrifice themselves in order to achieve social justice and equity for all, then that is truly a noble pursuit.

Marketing Strategy for Achieving Competitive Advantage

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategy for Achieving Competitive Advantage. Answer: Introduction The strategic management is the key source of achieving competitive advantage. Each of the organisations takes the proper strategic decision to ensure the best outcome and strengthen the competitive position in this current business scenario. The different types of the strategic decisions make the efficient management functionalities (Schilke 2014). Therefore, it is necessary to make the effective strategic decision, which will help in strengthening the organisational position in a competitive business scenario. The companies selected the different strategic approaches for maintaining their competitive position. The study will highlight the strategic implementation of Toyota to achieve the sustainable competitive position. On the other hand, the study will also focus on the international marketing management of Nestle to achieve the competitive advantage. The theoretical analysis and the evidence based case study analysis would provide the insightful idea about the strategic manageme nt of these companies. Evidence Based Case Scenario The case scenario is highlighting that Nestle has achieved the leading position in selling the dairy products. However, in order to achieve the competitive advantage, the company started concentrating on expanding the business internationally (Peck et al. 2013). The supports from the international market along with the customers have been quite beneficial for the company. In order to accomplish the determined goals, the management started concentrating on the fruitful strategies to draw the attention of the customers. It is noted that the achievement of customers satisfaction level is the major key to achieve the sustainable position as well as the competitive advantage (Cms.iuf.org 2016). The company paid attention on towards the market campaigning, which was selected as the major promotional activity. Product promotion through the visual demonstration is one of the most effective strategies that a company can use for expanding the business. The market campaigns provide the customer s an attractive demonstration process, which specifies the product features and the proper packaging style. The customers become aware of the product features and benefits that they can receive after consuming the products. The market campaigns are also providing some benefits, such as discounts, gifts, and visual demonstration of the products that can be more attractive to the customers. Hence, promotion is one of the major strategic decisions for achieving the competitive advantage. On the other hand, if concentrated on the case scenario of Toyota, it is noted that the company has undertaken a unique strategy to maintain the competitive position. The company has focussed on maintaining the ethical responsibility to remain much competitive in this current business scenario (Ihlen and Roper 2014). The maintenance of the corporate social responsibility is one of the integral parts of the company, which helps in sustaining in a competitive scenario. First of all, this automotive company noticed that due to the enormous emissions of fuels, the environment has been affected much prominently. Concentrating on such issues, the company started developing the technological features to make less emission of carbon-dioxide and air polluting elements (Rapp 2010). The company has undertaken several innovative ways to use the automobile vehicles. Especially, the company has concentrated on the promoting the green investment in ensuring the environmental welfare. The maintenanc e of the environmental welfare is essential since it determines the future sustainability. Most of the automobile company fails to maintain the environment ethics due to the heavy emissions of pollutants from the vehicle. However, the initiative undertaken by the company is much appreciable in terms of maintaining the ethical manner. Hence, the approach is much remarkable for the company due to which it has achieved the true form of competitive advantage in recent times. Theoretical Analysis If concentrated on the theoretical description of the strategy undertaken by Nestle, it is noted that the company has undertaken one of the most fruitful strategy that can ensure the strategic position in the competitive market. While expanding the business in the international market, it is necessary to undertake the proper strategy for launching the products and making people aware of the product features (Campbell, Coff and Kryscynski 2012). Most importantly, it is essential to promote the brand among the internationalised customers. Concentrating on such requirements, the establishment of 4ps of marketing mix is much beneficial. The marketing mix is associated with four major elements that are connected to the business expansion process. These four elements are- product, place, people, and promotion. Keeping the focus on these elements is essential because, it helps the companies to clear their vision in selecting the target market and group. Similarly, once the target market and distribution channel is selected, it is essential to understand the proper medium of making the people aware of the brand (Sahay 2013). Many of the companies select different media channel to promote their brands and gather the crowd. However, marketing campaign is one of those fruitful strategies that are beneficial in making people aware of the product feature by providing them live demonstration. In this marketing campaign, a small survey can provide the knowledge about customers preferences. Once the company is aware of the needs and demands of the customers, it would be much helpful for them to develop their products and distribute them among the target customer group. Hence, it can be interpreted that the marketing campaign is much beneficial for the companies to understand the needs of the customers and achieve their satisfaction level (Barney 2012). Accordingly, more supports from the customers help the companies to achieve the competitive advantages as well. Another most fruitful strategy for achieving the competitive advantage is the maintenance of the corporate social responsibility. In order to gain the sustainable management, the companies need to pay attention towards the environmental factors. While establishing the business entity, environment plays the most significant role for the future sustainability. If any of the company fails to maintain the ethical responsibilities towards environment, it becomes much difficult for the survival purposes (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). More specifically, in the automotive industry, the emissions of pollutants are much higher. It may pollute the environment and can affect the lives. Concentrating on such aspect, it is necessary for the companies to take care of the social environment. The business ethics is needed to be maintained for the future sustainability as well as for protecting the society. Hence, it is noticed that the automotive industry has been utilising the innovative technolo gies to make lesser consumptions of fuels. The use of the innovative technologies has made the vehicle consume less fuels or energy, which may pollute the environment in a significant way. Moreover, some of the solar vehicle is also much beneficial for protecting the environments from pollutants (Bharadwaj, Varadarajan and Fahy 2015). Hence, it becomes easier for the company to communicate with the environment and derive ideas about the basic needs. The promotions of the green environment will be much helpful for each of the company to survive in this competitive scenario. Analysis It is to be indicated that each of the business companies create the unique mission and vision for fulfilling the determined purposes. The unique decision making process contributes more efficiency to the organisational functionalities. While some of the companies pay attention towards establishing the proper communication channel, some other companies focus on maintaining the corporate social responsibilities. Product promotion through the visual demonstration is one of the most effective strategies that a company can use for expanding the business. Society is one of the major concerns that determine the satisfaction level of the customers. If the companies achieve such satisfaction level, it ensures their sustainable position in the market. Moreover, the current business market has become much competitive. Hence, it is essential to keep the focus on the customers benefits. The support from the customers is one of the most significant criteria to achieve the competitive advantage. A dopting the innovative technologies is also much needful for the company to cope with the latest trends. However, one of the major aspects that each of the companies need to keep focus on is the maintenance of the quality parameter. The products or the services provided by the company are required to be higher in quality that can draw the attention of the customers. The establishment of the brand identity is also much necessary for determining the sustainable future of the company. Hence, it is the most important part to communicate with the outer environment and maintain the sustainable approaches to remain much competitive. Similarly, product promotion is one of those efficient strategies that help the customers to understand the features and benefits for their uses. Once they become aware of the benefits, it becomes easier for them to select the relevant and needful products. Hence, product promotion is also much necessary to implement the strategic functionalities and achieving the competitive advantage in this business world. Conclusion The study is highlighting the strategic implementation of Nestle and Toyota to achieve the competitive advantage. The companies selected the different strategic approaches for maintaining their competitive position. Nestle decided to expand their business in the international market whereas Toyota started contributing in maintaining the sustainable position. Nestle has undertake the marketing campaign strategy to make the people aware of the product features and brand. On the other hand, Toyota has paid attention in improving the corporate social responsibility to remain much competitive. It is necessary for the companies to implement the plan according to the benefits of the sustainable management functionalities. The achievement of customers satisfaction level is the major key to achieve the sustainable position as well as the competitive advantage. The company paid attention on towards the market campaigning, which was selected as the major promotional activity. The unique decisio n making process contributes more efficiency to the organisational functionalities. If the companies achieve such satisfaction level, it ensures their sustainable position in the market. Moreover, the current business market has become much competitive. The use of the latest and innovative technologies is also much beneficial to achieve the competitive advantage more specifically. References Barney, J.B., 2012. Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), pp.3-6. Bharadwaj, S.G., Varadarajan, P.R. and Fahy, J., 2015. Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: a conceptual model and research propositions. InProceedings of the 1992 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) annual conference, Springer International Publishing(pp. 441-443). Campbell, B.A., Coff, R. and Kryscynski, D., 2012. Rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital.Academy of Management Review,37(3), pp.376-395. Cms.iuf.org, 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.iuf.org/sites/cms.iuf.org/files/NESTLE%20.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Ihlen, . and Roper, J., 2014. Corporate reports on sustainability and sustainable development:We have arrived.Sustainable development,22(1), pp.42-51. Peck, H., Christopher, M., Clark, M. and Payne, A., 2013.Relationship marketing. Taylor Francis. Rapp, W., 2010. Automobiles: Toyota Motor Corporation: Gaining and Sustaining Long-term Advantage Through Information Technology. The College of International Relations Ritsumeikan University, pp.25-50. Sahay, A., 2013.A Customer Oriented Approach to Identifying Competitive Advantage(No. WP2013-05-08). Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department. Schilke, O., 2014. On the contingent value of dynamic capabilities for competitive advantage: The nonlinear moderating effect of environmental dynamism.Strategic Management Journal,35(2), pp.179-203. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.